tired. how long can i last?
knee injury..:(
i dun wana give up, but sometimes i wana hide from trainings.
im struggling to balance my life and training, but training is in my life now.
mentally tired.

PROPERTIES OF GLASS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

-brittle

-completely elastic to its ultimate tensile strength

-will fail at low stress due to presence of microscopic surface cracks

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

-transparent

-can be treated in different ways to reflect and absorb different degree of light

-tinted glass absorb more light than clear

-reflective coated glass reflects large portion of glass depending on the nature of coat , colour and thickness

THERMAL PROPERTIES

-solar gain through glass heats up inside of building

-cause running cost for aircons and heat loads

-different types of glass implemented such as insulating glass, reflective glass and tinted glass.

TYPES OPF NON-SAFETY GLASS

CLEAR SHEET GLASS

-used for normal glazing

-relative good quality with low cost

-smooth, hard finish and scratch resistant

-lack of superior quality of plate and float glasses

-lower quality sheet glass made by drawing upwards molten glass, a thin sheet

-cooled, rising sheet solidifies, then cut

-both surface less parallel

-lower quality of float glass

PLATE GLASS

-grounded and polished after drawn from furnace

-glass then pass through grinding unit

-polished smooth and parallel before cut

FLOAT GLASS

-has nearly optically true surfaced that is fire polished

-interchangable with plate glass for most application

-plate and float glass is stronger

-use in higher quality situations

-eg. showcase

SAFETY GLASS

TEMPERED GLASS

-heating regualr annealed glass almost until melting point and chilled rapidly

-thin skin of glass produced at both sides

-under high compression, places centre of glass in high tension

-tempered glass 3-5 times stronger

-breakable

-thin outer skin is pierced, glass shatters

-into small pebble like pieces

-safer than original glass

-must be cut before tempering

LAMINATED GLASS

-2 or more sheets of class stucked together with polyvinyl butral plastic between them

-binded under heat and pressure

-when broken, glass will adhere into plastic inter-layer without evacuating

-minimise cutting injury and hazards

-entrance door , interior partitions

WIRED GLASS

-metal wire mesh placed into centre of glass thickness during manufacturing

-glass pieces cling to wire when broken

-minimise flying of glass and injuries

-remain in one place even though cracked by excessive heat

SPECIAL GLASS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

PATTERNED GLASS

-obscured optical properties

-insert patterns to glass

-allow differnt degrees of light transmission

-large range of patterns
-privacy use

-should be tempered for safety

INSULATED GLASS

-factory produced

-air tight unit consist of 2 layers of glass with a dehydrated air space in between

-protect window areas

-reduce heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer

-used in residental and commercial buildings

TINTED GLASS

-reduce soloar heat

-cut down glare

-to provide useful atmosphere

-grey and bronze tint

-windows, sliding glass doors, lirabries

REFLECTIVE COAT GLASS

-coated with thin layer of metallic-films

-reflect sunray

-reduce solar heat

-reduce aircon system cost

-grey, blue silver gold bronze

GLASS BLOCKS

-manufactured in two seperated halves

-heat sealed to form hollow unit

-with good thermal efficiency and sound insulation

-functional and directional

-functional: to diffuse/direct light that passes through them

-illuminates interior of building

-decorative: ability to control an overall design plan

-not intended to use as major control of daylight

SELECTION OF CARPET


USAGE AND LOCATION
-high traffic area?
-more remote location
-exposed directly to sunlight?
-natural ebvironment?
-manufacturer used numbers to rate
-2,3 less used areas
-4,5 best choice for heavy usage

COLOURS
-personal choice
-certain rules of thumb that apply tto most situation

TEXTURES AND PATTERN
-depending on client's requirement
-many looks and styles
-offers fashion appeal and distinctive styling
-hides soil and vacuum marks

TYPES OF FIBRES
1. NYLON
- wear resistant
-brilliant colour
-resilient
-solution-dyed nylon has colour added during fibre production, making it more colour fast
-used for all traffic areas
-stain resistant

2.ACRYLIC
-offers appearance and feel of wool without cost
-low static level
-moisture resistant
-for level loop and velvet construction

3.OLEFIN
-strong fibre
-resistant to static electricity
-resistant to moisture
-resistant to wear and permanent stain
-easily cleaned
-colour for colourfastness
-used indoors and outdoors

4.POLYESTER
-excellent clour clarity and retention
-moisture resistant
-noted for luxurious, "soft hand" when used in thick, cut-pile textues
-easily cleaned
-resistant to water soluble stain

5.WOOL
-noted for luxury and performance
-many colours
-high bulk
-soft
-more expensive than syntetic fibres

TYPES OF CARPET TEXTURES
1.FRIZE
-pebbly appearance
-with tightly twisted well defined yarns
-for crucial performance

2.LEVEL LOOP
-stitches of yarns
-like a hooked rug with equal height loops
-crucial performance

3. CUT AND LOOP
-plush and loop pile
-varnishes in pile height
-shearing of yarns caused unusual effects
-used in many areas
-not for formal setting



4. SAXONY
-plush look alike surface
-twisted in the yarns for durability
-gives wool like luster
-for luxury, top performance

5.VELVET PLUSH
-plush finish with yarn twisted
-breaks smooth surface lush aka tailored plush
-luxury objective

6.BERBER
-loop pile runs in parallel lines
-rugged surface gives wool like appearance
-durable, stain resistant
-hides dirt, footprints and other tracks
-some constructed in multilevel loops
-create patterns and other effect
-available in most carpet fibres
-available in cut pile
-luxurious feeling of thick pile carpeting


MANUFACTURING OF CARPET
1.TUFTED
-machine method
-inserting large loops or stitches to backing material
-liquid latex added after that
-to firmly lock loops
-height of loops adjustable for requirements
-knife used in conjunction with loops to create cut pile carpet
-fastest way
-most economic way
-cheaper than woven carpet

2.WOVEN
-popular method
-interlacing filling yarns
-with warp yarns
-different techniques gives different appearance
-weaving techniques: wilton, axminster, velvet

3.NEEDLE PUNCHING
-punching pile fibres
-into loosely woven carrier fabric
-using barbed needle
-made with pre-dyed polypropylene
-in smooth flat surface
-backed with latex or latex foam
-available in tiles

PROPERTIES OF CEREMIC


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
-stable over long period of time
-more resistant to corrosion
-generally do not react with acid, alkalines, gases, liquids
-high melting point
-can be heated up to its boiling point

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
-strong, resilient, resistant to temperature
-bend strength determines strngth of ceremic
-considerable stifffness under compression and pressure
-one of stronger ceremic: zirconium dioxide
-bend strength comarable to steel
-zirconias retain temperature up to 900 degrees
-silicon carbide and silicon nitrate retain up to 1400 degrees
-used for gas-turbine engines
-brittle, breaks when dropped, break when heated and cooled quickly

-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-extremely srong
-light metals as strong as heavier metal parts
-less dense then semimetal
resist wear and abrasion
-alumionium oxide and silicon carbide are extremely hard
-used to cut, sand, grind, polish metals and other materials
-one of the hardest material: diamond made from carbon

THERMAL PROPERTIES
-high melting point
-resist deformation and retain strength under high temperature
-sudden and large temperature change weaken ceremic
-silicon nitrate and silicon carbide expand more and contract less under high temperature than other ceremics
-used to make rotors of jet planes
-can withstand great vibrations in temperature

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
-chromium dioxide conducts electricity
-aluminium oxides does not conduct
-act as insulator
some ceremics do not conduct well, act as semi conductors
-conduct electricity more than insulators
-porcelain: act as insulator at low temperature and conducts electricity at high temperature

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
-ceremics containing iron oxides are called ferrites
-has magnetic properties comparable to nickel and iron
-other nmagnetic ceremics contain oxides of barium, maganise, nickel
-used in motors and electric circuit
-can be manufactured with high resistant to demagnetized